Seminars in Arthroplasty
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 148-160 , September 2009

Patellofemoral Arthroplasty: A Useful Option for Recalcitrant Symptomatic Patellofemoral Arthritis

  • Wayne B. Leadbetter, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Wayne B. Leadbetter, MD, Department of Orthopedics, Center for Joint Preservation and Replacement, Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopedics, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, 2401 West Belvedere Avenue, Baltimore, MD, USA
    • ,
  • Michael A. Mont, MD

References 

  1. McKeever D. Patellar prosthesis. J Bone Jt Surg Am A. 1955;37:1074–1084
  2. Cartier P, Sanouiller JL, Khefacha A. Long-term results with the first patellofemoral prosthesis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;436:47–54
  3. Haxton H. The function of the patella and the effects of its excision. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1945;80:389–395
  4. Grelsamer RP, Klein JR. The biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;28:286–298
  5. Saleh KJ, Arendt EA, Eldridge J, et al. Symposium (Operative treatment of patellofemoral arthritis). J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2005;87:659–671
  6. Noble PC, Conditt MA, Cook KF, et al. The John Insall award: Patient expectations affect satisfaction with total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;452:35–43
  7. Heck DA, Melfi CA, Mamlin LA, et al. Revision rates after knee replacement in the United States. Med Care. 1998;36:661–669
  8. Harrysson OL, Robertsson O, Nayfeh JF. Higher cumulative revision rate of knee arthroplasties in younger patients with osteoarthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;421:162–168
  9. Engh GA. Advances in knee arthroplasty for younger patients: Traditional knee arthroplasty is prologue, the future for knee arthroplasty is prescient. Orthopedics. 2007;30(suppl 8):55–57
  10. Ahlback S. Osteoarthritis of the knee: A radiographic investigation. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1968;277(suppl):7–72
  11. Kellgren JH, Lawrence JS. Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1957;16:494–502
  12. Hahn T, Foldspang A. Prevalent knee pain and sport. Scand J Soc Med. 1998;26:44–52
  13. McAlindon TE, Snow S, Cooper C, et al. Radiographic patterns of osteoarthritis of the knee joint in the community: The importance of the patellofemoral joint. Ann Rheum Dis. 1992;51:844–849
  14. Davies AP, Vince AS, Shepstone L, et al. The radiographic prevalence of patellofemoral arthritis. Clin Orthop. 2002;402:206–212
  15. Davies AP, Vince AS, Shepstone L, et al. The radiologic prevalence of patellofemoral osteoarthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;402:206–212
  16. Laskin RS, van Steijn M. Total knee replacement for patients with patellofemoral arthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999;367:89–95
  17. Buckwalter JA. Sports, joint injury, and posttraumatic osteoarthritis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2003;33:578–588
  18. Weaver JK, Wieder D, Derkash RS. Patellofemoral arthritis resulting from mal-alignment (A long-term evaluation of treatment options). Orthop Rev. 1991;20:1075–1081
  19. Ackroyd CE, Newman JH, Evans R, et al. The Avon patellofemoral arthroplasty: Five-year survivorship and functional results. J Bone Jt Surg Br. 2007;89:310–315
  20. Leadbetter WB. Patellofemoral arthroplasty in the treatment of patellofemoral arthritis: Rationale and outcomes in younger patients. Orthop Clin North Am. 2008;39:363–380vii
  21. Leadbetter WB, Ragland PS, Mont MA. The appropriate use of patellofemoral arthroplasty: An analysis of reported indications, contraindications, and failures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;436:91–99
  22. Farr J. Autologous chondrocyte implantation and anteriomedialization in the treatment of patellofemoral chondrosis. Orthop Clin North Am. 2008;39:329–335
  23. Minas T, Bryant T. The role of autologous chondrocyte implantation in the patellofemoral joint. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;436:30–39
  24. Cole BJ, Pascual-Garrido C, Grumet RC. Surgical management of articular cartilage defects in the knee. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2009;91:1778–1790
  25. Einola S, Aho A, Kallio P. Patellectomy after fracture (Long-term follow-up results with special reference to functional disability). Acta Orthop Scand. 1976;47:441–447
  26. Lennox IA, Cobb AG, Knowles J, et al. Knee function after patellectomy: A 12 to 48-year follow-up. J Bone Jt Surg Br. 1994;76:485–487
  27. Kaufer H. Mechanical function of the patella. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 1971;53:1551–1560
  28. Wendt PP, Johnson RP. A study of quadriceps excursion, torque, and the effect of patellectomy on cadaver knees. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 1985;67:726–732
  29. O'Reilly SC, Jones A, Muir KR, et al. Quadriceps weakness in knee osteoarthritis: The effect on pain and disability. Ann Rheum Dis. 1998;57:588–594
  30. Sledge CB, Ewald FC. Total knee arthroplasty experience at the Robert Breck Brigham Hospital. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;145:78–84
  31. Steurer PA, Gradisar IA, Hoyt W, et al. Patellectomy: A clinical study and biomechanical evaluation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;144:84–90
  32. Baker V, Bennell K, Stillman B, et al. Abnormal knee joint position sense in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Orthop Res. 2002;20:208–214
  33. Grenholm A, Stensdotter AK, Hager-Ross C. Kinematic analyses during stair descent in young women with patellofemoral pain. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2009;24:88–94
  34. Powers CM, Heino JG, Rao S, et al. The influence of patellofemoral pain on lower limb loading during gait. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 1999;14:722–728
  35. Heino BJ, Powers CM. Patellofemoral stress during walking in persons with and without patellofemoral pain. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:1582–1593
  36. Mihalko WM, Boachie-Adjei Y, Spang JT, et al. Controversies and techniques in the surgical management of patellofemoral arthritis. Instr Course Lect. 2008;57:365–380
  37. Digiulio M, Donaldson WR. Complications of patellofemoral joint surgery. Sports Med Arthroscopic Rev. 2004;12:172–184
  38. Bonutti PM, Seyler TM, Delanois RE, et al. Osteonecrosis of the knee after laser or radiofrequency-assisted arthroscopy: Treatment with minimally invasive knee arthroplasty. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2006;88(suppl 3):69–75
  39. Caffey S, McPherson E, Moore B, et al. Effects of radiofrequency energy on human articular cartilage: An analysis of 5 systems. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:1035–1039
  40. Voloshin I, Morse KR, Allred CD, et al. Arthroscopic evaluation of radiofrequency chondroplasty of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:1702–1707
  41. Herrenbruck TM, Parker RD. Operative management of patellofemoral pain with degenerative arthritis. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2001;9:312–324
  42. Aderinto J, Cobb AG. Lateral release for patellofemoral arthritis. Arthroscopy. 2002;18:399–403
  43. Fithian DC, Paxton EW, Post WR, et al. Lateral retinacular release: A survey of the International Patellofemoral Study Group. Arthroscopy. 2004;20:463–468
  44. Krishnan SP, Skinner JA, Bartlett W, et al. Who is the ideal candidate for autologous cartilage transplantation. J Bone Jt Surg Br. 2006;88:61–64
  45. Grigolo B, Roseti L, De Franceschi L, et al. Molecular and immunohistological characterization of human cartilage two years following autologous cell transplantation. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2005;87:46–57
  46. LaPrade RF, Bursch LS, Olson EJ, et al. Histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of failed articular cartilage resurfacing procedures for osteochondritis of the knee: A case series. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:360–368
  47. Minas T, Gomoll AH, Rosenberger R, et al. Increased failure rate of autologous chondrocyte implantation after previous treatment with marrow stimulation techniques. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:902–908
  48. Pidoriano AJ, Weinstein RN, Buuck DA, et al. Correlation of patellar articular lesions with results from anteromedial tibial tubercle transfer. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:533–537
  49. Yercan HS, Ait Si Selmi T, Neyret P. The treatment of patellofemoral osteoarthritis with partial lateral facetectomy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;436:14–19
  50. Paulos LE, O'Connor DL, Karistinos A. Partial lateral patellar facetectomy for treatment of arthritis due to lateral patellar compression syndrome. Arthroscopy. 2008;24:547–553
  51. Lonner JH. Patellofemoral arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;15:495–506
  52. Leadbetter WB, Seyler TM, Ragland PS, et al. Indications, contraindications, and pitfalls of patellofemoral arthroplasty. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2006;88(suppl 4):122–137
  53. Lonner JH. Lateral patellar chamfer in total knee arthroplasty. Am J Orthop. 2001;30:713–714
  54. Blazina ME, Fox JM, Del Pizzo W, et al. Patellofemoral replacement. 1979. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;436:3–6
  55. Nicol SG, Loveridge JM, Weale AE, et al. Arthritis progression after patellofemoral joint replacement. Knee. 2006;13:290–295
  56. Cartier P, Sanouiller JL, Grelsamer R. Patellofemoral arthroplasty (2-12 year follow-up study). J Arthroplasty. 1990;5:49–55
  57. Barrack RL, McClure JT, Burak CF, et al. Revision total knee arthroplasty: The patient's perspective. Clin Orthop. 2007;464:146–150
  58. Lonner JH, Jasko JG, Booth RE. Revision of a failed patellofemoral arthroplasty to a total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2006;88:2337–2342
  59. Sisto DJ, Sarin VK. Patellofemoral arthroplasty with a customized trochlear prosthesis. Orthop Clin North Am. 2008;39:355–362vi-vii
  60. Sierra RJ, Pagnano MW, Trousdale RT, et al. Reoperations after 3200 revision TKAs: Rate, etiology, and lessons learned (Abstract). 2003;70th Annual Meeting American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Chicago, IL.
  61. Lonner JH, Hershman S, Mont M, et al. Total knee arthroplasty in patients 40 years of age and younger with osteoarthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;380:85–90
  62. Grelsamer RP. Patellofemoral arthroplasty. Tech Orthopaed. 1997;12:200–204
  63. Federico DJ, Reider B. Results of isolated patellar debridement for patellofemoral pain in patients with normal patellar alignment. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:663–669
  64. Teitge R. Treatment of complications of patellofemoral surgery. Oper Tech Sports Med. 1994;2:317–334
  65. Kalenak A. Nonoperative treatment of patellofemoral disorders. Sports Med Arthroscopic Rev. 1994;2:237–242
  66. Post WR. Anterior knee pain: Diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2005;13:534–543
  67. Ackroyd CE, Polyzoides AJ. Patellectomy for osteoarthritis (A study of eighty-one patients followed from two to twenty-two years). J Bone Jt Surg Br B. 1978;60:353–357
  68. Fulkerson JP. Anteromedialization of the tibial tuberosity for patellofemoral malalignment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983;177:176–181
  69. Farr J, Schepsis A, Cole B, et al. Anteromedialization: Review and technique. J Knee Surg. 2007;20:120–128
  70. Beck PR, Thomas AL, Farr J, et al. Trochlear contact pressures after anteromedialization of the tibial tubercle. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:1710–1715
  71. Browne JE, Anderson AF, Arciero R, et al. Clinical outcome of autologous chondrocyte implantation at 5 years in US subjects. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;436:237–245
  72. Torga-Spak R, Teitge RA. Fresh osteochondral allografts for patellofemoral arthritis: Long-term follow-up. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;444:193–200
  73. Knutsen G, Drogset JO, Engebretsen L, et al. A randomized trial comparing autologous chondrocyte implantation with microfracture (Findings at five years). J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2007;89:2105–2112
  74. McNickle AG, L'Heureux DR, Yanke AB, et al. Outcomes of autogenous chondrocyte implantation in a diverse patient population. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:1344–1350
  75. Mandelbaum B, Browne JE, Fu F, et al. Treatment outcomes of autologous chondrocyte implantation for full-thickness articular cartilage defects of the trochlea. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:915–921
  76. Duffy GP, Trousdale RT, Stuart MJ. Total knee arthroplasty in patients 55 years old or younger (10 to 17-year results). Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998;356:22–27
  77. Mont MA, Lee CW, Sheldon M, et al. Total knee arthroplasty in patients </=50 years old. J Arthroplasty. 2002;17:538–543
  78. Whiteside LA, Vigano R. Young and heavy patients with a cementless TKA do as well as older and lightweight patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;464:93–98
  79. Noble PC, Gordon MJ, Weiss JM, et al. Does total knee replacement restore normal knee function?. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;431:157–165
  80. Fortin PR, Clarke AE, Joseph L, et al. Outcomes of total hip and knee replacement: Preoperative functional status predicts outcomes at six months after surgery. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:1722–1728
  81. Mont MA, Haas S, Mullick T, et al. Total knee arthroplasty for patellofemoral arthritis. J Bone Jt Surg Am A. 2002;84:1977–1981
  82. Parvizi J, Stuart MJ, Pagnano MW, et al. Total knee arthroplasty in patients with isolated patellofemoral arthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;392:147–152
  83. Dalury DF. Total knee replacement for patellofemoral disease. J Knee Surg. 2005;18:274–277
  84. Meding JB, Wing JT, Keating EM, et al. Total knee arthroplasty for isolated patellofemoral arthritis in younger patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;464:78–82
  85. Lonner JH. Patellofemoral arthroplasty: Pros, cons, and design considerations. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;428:158–165
  86. Lonner JH. Patellofemoral arthroplasty: The impact of design on outcomes. Orthop Clin North Am. 2008;39:347–354vi
  87. Argenson JN, Flecher X, Parratte S, et al. Patellofemoral arthroplasty: An update. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;440:50–53
  88. Argenson JN, Guillaume JM, Aubaniac JM. Is there a place for patellofemoral arthroplasty?. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995;321:162–167
  89. Merchant AC. Early results with a total patellofemoral joint replacement arthroplasty prosthesis. J Arthroplasty. 2004;19:829–836
  90. Merchant AC. A modular prosthesis for patellofemoral arthroplasty: Design and initial results. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;436:40–46
  91. Bozic KJ, Kurtz SM, Lau E, et al: The epidemiology of revision total knee arthroplasty in the United States. Clin Orthop Relat Res (in press)
  92. Mont MA, Rajadhyaksha AD, Marxen JL, et al. Tennis after total knee arthroplasty. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30:163–166
  93. Feinglass J, Koo J, Koh J. Revision total knee arthroplasty complication rates in Northern Illinois. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;429:279–285
  94. Conway JD, Mont MA, Bezwada HP. Arthrodesis of the knee. J Bone Jt Surg Am A. 2004;86:835–848
  95. Swienckowski JJ, Pennington DW. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in patients sixty years of age or younger. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2004;86-A:131–142
  96. Minas T, Bryant T. Advanced patellofemoral arthritis-patellofemoral arthroplasty. In:  Cole BJ,  Malek MM editor. Chondral Disease of the Knee. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2006;p. 84–86
  97. Newman JH. Patellofemoral arthritis and its management with isolated patellofemoral replacement: A personal experience. Orthopedics. 2007;30(suppl 8):58–61
  98. Kooijman HJ, Driessen AP, van Horn JR. Long-term results of patellofemoral arthroplasty (A report of 56 arthroplasties with 17 years of follow-up). J Bone Jt Surg Br. 2003;85:836–840
  99. Farr J, Barrett D. Optimizing patellofemoral arthroplasty. Knee. 2008;15:339–347
  100. Foran JR, Mont MA, Rajadhyaksha AD, et al. Total knee arthroplasty in obese patients: A comparison with a matched control group. J Arthroplasty. 2004;19:817–824
  101. Mont MA, Mathur SK, Krackow KA, et al. Cementless total knee arthroplasty in obese patients: A comparison with a matched control group. J Arthroplasty. 1996;11:153–156
  102. Lementowski PW, Zelicof SB. Obesity and arthritis. Am J Orthop. 2008;37:148–152
  103. Dye SF. The pathophysiology of patellofemoral pain: A tissue homeostasis perspective. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;436:100–110
  104. Saleh KJ, Arendt EA, Eldridge J, et al. Symposium (Operative treatment of patellofemoral arthritis). J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2005;87:659–671
  105. Post WR, Teitge R, Amis A. Patellofemoral malalignment: Looking beyond the viewbox. Clin Sports Med. 2002;21:521–546
  106. Schutzer SF, Ramsby GR, Fulkerson JP. Computed tomographic classification of patellofemoral pain patients. Orthop Clin North Am. 1986;17:235–248
  107. Guettler J, Glisson R, Stubbs A, et al. The triad of varus malalignment, meniscectomy, and chondral damage: A biomechanical explanation for joint degeneration. Orthopedics. 2007;30:558–566
  108. Dye SF, Boll DA. Radionuclide imaging of the patellofemoral joint in young adults with anterior knee pain. Orthop Clin North Am. 1986;17:249–262
  109. Pfirrmann CWA, Zanetti M, Romero J, et al. Femoral trochlear dyplasia: MR findings. Radiology. 2000;216:858–864
  110. Schoettle PB, Zanetti M, Seifert B, et al. The tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance: A comparative study between CT and MRI scanning. Knee. 2006;13:26–31
  111. Shaw JA. Patellar retinacular peel: An alternative to lateral retinacular release in total knee arthroplasty. Am J Orthop. 2003;32:189–192
  112. Kuikka PI, Kiuru MJ, Niva MH, et al. Sensitivity of routine 1.0-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging versus arthroscopy as gold standard in fresh traumatic chondral lesions of the knee in young adults. Arthroscopy. 2006;22:1033–1039
  113. Ackroyd CE, Chir B. Development and early results of a new patellofemoral arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;436:7–13
  114. Grelsamer RP, Stein DA. Patellofemoral arthritis. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2006;88:1849–1860
  115. Sisto DJ, Sarin VK. Custom patellofemoral arthroplasty of the knee: Surgical technique. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2007;89(suppl 2 Pt. 2):214–225
  116. Tauro B, Ackroyd CE, Newman JH, et al. The Lubinus patellofemoral arthroplasty (A five to ten-year prospective study). J Bone Jt Surg Br. 2001;83:696–701
  117. Sisto DJ, Sarin VK. Custom patellofemoral arthroplasty of the knee. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2006;88:1475–1480
  118. Lidgren L, Robertsson O. Annual Report 2006- The Swedish Knee Arthroplasty Register. http://www.knee.nko.se/English/online/uploaedFiles/107SKAR2006Englv2.pdfAccessed, June 1, 2007
  119. Butler JE, Shannon R. Patellofemoral arthroplasty with a custom-fit femoral prosthesis. Orthopedics. 2009;32:81
  120. Leadbetter WB, Kolisek FR, Levitt RL et al: Patellofemoral arthroplasty: A multi-centre study with minimum 2-year follow-up. Int Orthop (in press)
  121. Clare TD, Ackroyd CE, Evans R. NJ Early results in 100 cases of patello-femoral replacement in patients under 55 years of age. Innsbrook, Austria: ESSKA; 2006;
  122. Leadbetter WB, Ackroyd C. In: Patellofemoral arthroplasty results in young patients(<45 years). 2007;p. 425;Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, San Diego
  123. Ackroyd CE, Smith EJ, Newman JH. Trochlear resurfacing for extensor mechanism instability following patellectomy. Knee. 2004;11:109–111
  124. Antoniou J, Hadjipavlou A, Enker P, et al. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty with patelloplasty. Int Orthop. 1996;20:94–99
  125. Lonner JH, Mehta S, Booth RE. Ipsilateral patellofemoral arthroplasty and autogenous osteochondral femoral condylar transplantation. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22:1130–1136
  126. Burstein D, Gray M. New MRI techniques for imaging cartilage. Int Soc Arthrosc Knee Surg Orthop Sports Med. 2002;1:14–16
  127. Heck DA, Melfi CA, Mamlin LA, et al. Revision rates after knee replacement in the United States. Med Care. 1998;36:661–669

PII: S1045-4527(09)00062-5

doi: 10.1053/j.sart.2009.11.001

Seminars in Arthroplasty
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 148-160 , September 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution